This shows that there was already a certain amount of diversity among Mesolithic European lineages, although many of these lineages (C1a2, F, I*, J*) are now exceedingly rare. There are admixtures from Armenia, Parthia, Greco-Bactria, Central Asia Steppe after that. Djokovic is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time. hi nadene. GenBank is a database of genetic sequence data. According to the Y-DNA testing of two illegitimate descendants of Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872), Geoffrey Rockel and Franz Rockel, the House of Hohenzollern would belong to haplogroup I2-P78 > Y7219. Most modern Eastern Europeans belonging to I2a1b fit into the L147.2 (aka CTS10228, CTS2180 or Y3111) subclade, which is thought to have arisen 5,600 years ago (just before the Yamna period and the Trypillian expansion into the steppe), but has a TMRCA of only 2,300 years according to Yfull. A snapshot of top matching ancient samples that contributed most from the Mytrueancestry deep dive Y-dna shows following diagram. The enhancement of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) typing over the last 25 years has distinguished it as a viable application in forensic casework, particularly when dealing with compromised samples, which often contain degraded nuclear DNA []. Sophia22 and Joan Haydock is: 33. As of October 2016, 15 Mesolithic European Y-DNA samples have been tested. All six individuals from the Globular Amphora belonged to haplogroup I2a2. The cave was part of the Bronze Age Urnfield Culture. Other I2a2a individuals was also found in Neolithic Scotland (L1195 and CTS10057), Neolithic Spain (CTS616 and Z161) and Neolithic Hungary (CTS10057). Mitochondrial DNA variant nomenclature has multiple existing systems used in literature and in different institutes. The enhancement of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) typing over the last 25 years has distinguished it as a viable application in forensic casework, particularly when dealing with compromised samples, which often contain degraded nuclear DNA []. The higher percentage of I2a-Din in the south is probably just due to another founder effect due to the fact that the South Slavs originated in western Ukraine, where the ratio of I2a to R1a was higher. Under a distance of "0" it shows I have 7 matches and 4 matches at a distance of 1. Nevertheless, 99% of modern carriers belong to the L233 subclade and share a common patrilinear ancestor less than 2,000 years ago. Axios 08 … I2b (L416, L417, L418) is a very minor subclade so far observed in a few samples from Italy, Croatia, Germany, Scotland and Iran. Barn: -Mariet Jakobsdotter Bure f.1473 d.efter 1529 gift med Anders Persson i Grubbe, Stamfader för Grubbesläkten, de hade fyra barn L1294 is also very rare and has only been found in Germany, France and Britain. 1.5581983e7 1.3470103e7. Малоимућне санароднике радо ћу подпомоћи. Close to 420 Million people in South Asia belong to this Haplogroup. The Cucuten > Trypillian culture was the most advanced Neolithic culture in Europe before the Indo-European invasions in the Bronze Age and seems to have had intensive contacts with the Steppe culture before the expansion of Yamna to the Balkans and Central Europe (see histories of R1a and R1b). Celtic Briton Gladiator York mtDNA Haplogroup: H Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a2a1a2b Genetic Distance: 5.6640 Sample Match! This title explores the symbolic significance of the human head in cultural, political, economic, and religious ritual across the world. L801 is found predominantly in Germanic countries, with a particularly high concentration in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, England and in Northwest Sicily (Norman settlement). Its maximum frequencies are observed among the Dinaric Slavs (Slovenes, Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, Montenegrins and Macedonians) as well as in Bulgaria, Romania, Moldavia, western Ukraine and Belarus. T haplogroup; I have just found 2 Jewish men with this haplogroup; T-M70, with the same surname. Update 6/16/14: There is a J1c3 that is an mtDNA haplogroup, and there is a J1c3 Ydna haplogroup that is also referred to as P58. 23&Me uses this for mtDNA, and FTDNA uses it for YDNA. it is one the paternal side thru my grandmother. I2 probably appeared in western Europe, although its exact region of origin cannot be determined since Paleolithic Europeans were nomadic hunter-gatherers. 1% closer than others users Celtic Briton Gladiator York mtDNA Haplogroup: H6a1b2 Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a2a1a Haplogroup B was updated by analyzing all available complete sequences for this haplogroup. [Google Scholar] Van Oven M. & Kayser M. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Haplogroup IJ would have arrived from the Middle East to Europe some 35,000 years ago, then developed into haplogroup I soon afterwards. I2a1 samples from the Copper Age include an I2a1a1 from northern Italy (Remedello culture), an I2a1 from Hungary (Vatya culture). The column for haplogroup U includes U1, U6, U7, U8 and U9. Buddy Toups: Family Tree DNA Y-DNA Test 67 markers, haplogroup R-M269, FTDNA kit #914549 Mitochondrial DNA test-takers in the direct maternal line: Buddy Toups: Family Tree DNA mtDNA Test Full Sequence, haplogroup J1c3e2, FTDNA kit #914549 It is likely that these autosomal DNA test-takers will share DNA with Buddy: HGVS Ensembl: MT:g.8993T>G. 34, 1189–1194 (2013). Frankensaurus.com DA: 17 PA: 21 MOZ Rank: 65. View all posts by desireflectionsblog. Möjligen Various ancient DNA studies conducted between 2014 and 2016 revealed that all Mesolithic European lineages became absorbed by the wave of Neolithic farmers. I2a1a (M26, L158, L159.1/S169.1) was known as I1b2 until 2005, I1b1b in 2006-7, and I2a1 from 2008 to 2010. (Обично стоји неких 100 евро, али то можемо драстично редуцирати). (Format 2) Archaeological context range, e.g. Today, I want show some data about mtDNA haplogroup H5a1 because there is a Kurdish individual with H5a1 in this Kurdish DNA project. Nowadays, I2a1 is five to ten times more common than G2a in Southeast Europe, while during the Neolithic period G2a was approximately four times more common. Based on the STR dating, it is believed that this lineage spread from Germany to England via Belgium in the Late Iron Age with the Celtic people of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures. "The genetic trail an ancestor leaves behind is every bit as important as his paper trail. Though Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA testing, the modern genealogist has a powerful new tool for researching his roots" -- back cover. Now in Abraham's Children bestselling author Jon Entine vividly brings to life the profound human implications of the Age of Genetics while illuminating one of today's most controversial topics: the connection between genetics and who we ... mtDNA Haplogroup: J1c3e2 Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2c1b (CTS300/DF63/S522) (You do not match this sample) Celtic Briton Gladiator York mtDNA Haplogroup: H Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2b (L343) (You do not match this sample) Celtic Briton Gladiator York mtDNA Haplogroup: H6a1b2 Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a2a1a (CTS5330) (You do not match … However, this has not benefited from direct analyses of ancient genomes. Random genetic drift determines the level of mutant mtDNA in human primary oocytes. A history of the Jewish people focusing primarily on the period before the American Revolution. DNA Connections It may be possible to confirm family relationships with Elizabeth by comparing test results with other carriers of her ancestors' mitochondrial DNA.Mitochondrial DNA test-takers in the direct maternal line: Elaine (Cassady) Brixhoff: Family Tree DNA mtDNA Test Full Sequence, haplogroup j1c3e2, FTDNA kit #207107 ; It is likely that these autosomal DNA test-takers … L233 is most common in the British Isles, but is occasionally encountered in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Germany, France and Poland. 27% closer than other users Celtic Briton Gladiator York mtDNA Haplogroup: H Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a2a1a2b Genetic Distance: 24.838 Sample Match! I2-L801 is thought to have been propagated around Europe by the Danish Vikings (Britain, Normandy, Sicily), the Swedish Vikings (Baltic, Russia, Ukraine), the Goths (Moldova, Balkans, Italy, south-west France, Spain), the Suebi (Portugal and Galicia), the Lombards (attested by a hotspot in Campobasso, Molise), and the Franks (Rhineland, Belgium). Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Its age has been estimated between 21,000 and 13,000 years old, which corresponds to the Epipaleolithic period. The Britons (Old English: Bryttas, Welsh: Brythoniaid, Cornish: Brythonion, Breton: brezhoned) also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons, were indigenous Celtic people who inhabited Great Britain from at least the British Iron Age into the Middle Ages, at which point their culture and language diverged into the modern Welsh, Cornish and Bretons (among others). [Google Scholar] McKenna A. et al. 3. There is a J haplogroup line in mtdna and one that is called the Cohen gene in the Y (male) haplogroup line. (2017). I2a2 (S33/M436/P214, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32, L35/S150, L37/S153, L181) was known as I1c until 2005 and I2b until 2010. Z2069 is more common but has a narrower distribution, limited mostly to central and northern Germany, England, Normandy and other parts of France. Seems the St.Claire’s were Templars also. mtDNA - Triangulated Signatures. Users in this group may want to share their family trees with each other to find overlaps and merge duplicate profiles in order to join or expand the World Family Tree and discover new relatives. Close to 420 Million people in South Asia belong to this Haplogroup. G25Ancients nmonte Dist 0.79 IND_Roopkund_A 51.05 IRN_Shahr_I_Sokhta_BA2 46.64 MAR_Iberomaurusian 2.04 PAK_Katelai_IA 0.19 TKM_Gonur2_BA 0.08, I am only person matching Both the lactose persistence genes that this DA125, Kangju, 150-300 AD genome matches in the 1000 genomes DB, rs4988243 2 136607703 Found in Korea, ITU, BEB, GIH, qatar, MiddleEast, finn, jewish, amerind/latinos (ITU=34%, GIH=32.8%)rs2236783 2 136594158 Found in Europe and among Amerind/Latinos (ITU=11.27% GIH=12.25%), Shows big influence from Scythian/Sarmatian/Cimmeran/Alan & Avar/Hun groups probably indicating some Saka/Hun ancestry mix. He is a descendant of Robert Emerson (1561-1620) and George Emerson (1484-c.1570), who are also the ancestors of Thomas Emmerson (1708-1790) in the project. This shows that there was already a certain amount of diversity among Mesolithic European lineages, although many of these lineages (C1a2, F, I*, J*) are now exceedingly rare. The I2b-L415 & I2c-L596 Haplogroup Project was able to determine that the haplotype of the Georgian house of Tsitsishvili was I2c2b2. This volume provides new perspectives on these issues, and some controversial arguments; for instance, that travel was not limited to the elite, and that maps as we know them did not exist in the empire. 1.5581983e7 1.3470103e7. Paulus Van Haren Küster (1644-1708) from Düsseldorf, Germany. Haplogroup Assignment From The Acadian AmerIndian Ancestry DNA Project @ FTDNA. Mutat. The purported migrations that have formed the peoples of Britain have been the focus of generations of scholarly controversy. It is also common to a lower extent in Albania, Greece, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and south-western Russia. He famously perished at the Battle of the Little Bighorn after leading the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the U.S. Army against the combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes. I2a2a1 in current ISOGG nomenclature) according to the Luce Surname Project. But first it copies its DNA so the new cells will each have a complete set of genetic instructions. Ево и моји резултати:) mtDNA Your Haplogroup: H, LIVING DNA испитивање аутосомалних хромозома, Одг: LIVING DNA испитивање аутосомалних хромозома, Цитат: сунце  Јануар 06, 2019, 12:06:28 поподне, Цитат: Златан  Јануар 06, 2019, 12:13:08 поподне, Цитат: Небојша  Јануар 06, 2019, 12:15:39 поподне, Цитат: Златан  Јануар 06, 2019, 03:04:03 поподне, Цитат: Небојша  Јануар 06, 2019, 03:15:55 поподне, https://my.livingdna.com/upload/start?referrer=d24d0f72-4451-4e35-ac18-9753be149e75. Remains from the Late Neolithic Sredny Stog culture (4500-3500 BCE) in Ukraine and of the Chalcolithic Globular Amphora culture (3400-2800 BCE) from Ukraine and Poland, were also tested by Mathieson et al. Also formed about 10,000 years ago, it is composed of three top-level subclades: L623, Y5188 and L801. ... which determines mtDNA haplogroups based. 99% of Z161 members belong to L801 and share a common ancestor who lived 4,000 years ago, although L801 subclades experienced a dramatic expansion in the last 2,000 years. DH-1.2 Donor 1 (mid-shaft) 3179 13,603 100 J1c3e2. 91,887,701 48,712,821 5.19 50.26 1.16 R1b1a2a1a2c2-DF63 J1c3e2. I2c2 was also found in the Unetice culture in Germany. Ghelli A, et al. M26 is geographically restricted to the British Isles, the Low Countries, France, western Germany, Switzerland, Sardinia, Sicily, the west coast of Italy, Iberia and the Mediterranean coast of the Maghreb. It is found in all Western Europe, and reaches maximum frequencies among the Sardinians (37.5%) and the Basques (5%), two population isolates. Lars Olofsson d.1655 är bonde på gården 1606-1632. The P78 branch split into two clades A427 and Y7219 some 5,300 years ago, at the time of the Yamna culture in the Pontic Steppe. Prince Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Ðorðe Petrovic, better known by the sobriquet Black George, or. Dann werden Sie Mitglied in unserer Community. Alternatively, I2-L621 lineages could have lived in relative isolation from the mainstream Proto-Indo-European society somewhere around Ukraine, Poland or Belarus, then as the centuries and millennia passed, would have blended with the predominantly R1a populations around them. Several other descendants of his patrilineal ancetsor Eutaces Gates (1580-1626) from Suffolk, England, also tested positive for that haplogroup in the Gates Surname Project. They were all autosomally fully northwest European like the I1-L22, R1a-Z284 and the R1b-U106 samples, but unlike the other samples (E-V13, E-V22, G2a1a, I2a2a-L1229, R1b-U152, R1b-Z2103, T1a1a) that were clearly more southern European. The I2a1b-L147.2 subclade seems to have expanded very fast from 1900 years ago, which is concordant with the timing of the Slavic ethnogenesis, considering that it takes a few centuries before one man can have enough male descendants to start having an impact at the scale of a population. i am dna tested and recently found out my mtdna haplogroup is J1c3e2. To avoid all confusion it is recommended to double-check the defining mutations (SNP's) when reading older studies or making references to a particular subclade. Haplogroup R0 (incl. I2a2b is therefore essentially a Alpine Celtic haplogroup. Here is what happened as the Jews migrated to new places and saw their numbers wax and wane, as they gained and lost adherents and thrived or were buffeted by famine, disease, wars, and persecution. My uncle Norman full sequence mtDNA results have just posted and it shows that haplogroup as J1c12. HGVS Committee: m.8993T>G. In Italy, I2-L38 is limited to the Alpine region, mostly the north-west, where Gaulish tribes settled, and it is likely that I2-L38 was brought to Italy by Celtic migrations many centuries after the arrival of Italic tribes from the Alpine Danube region. John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford, Chaucer's sister-in-law, fall in love in the 14th century. 2. However, this has not benefited from direct analyses of ancient genomes. Управо убацих свој филе, час посла, 5 минута ! Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), the 17th President and 16th Vice President of the United States was identified as a member of haplogroup I2a2a-L801 > Z170 > Y16963 > L1290 > Y6647 > Y6644 > Y6639 > Y8830 > Y8831 based on the results from the > M223 Project. 2810583.0 2942542.0. DH-2.1 Donor 2 (root ... Mitoch ondrial haplogroup is ... for the first time, in L. couesi (Scarlet King Crab). Clan chiefs of Highland Scottish Clan Munro (Munros of Foulis) belong to haplogroup I2a1a-L161.1 > S2639 > A812 > Y12072 > Y12070 > PF4135 > Y11772 > Y12075 > Y12073, based on the testing of numerous clan members at Munro DNA Project.The American statesman James Monroe (1758-1831), one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and the 5th President of the United States from 1817 to 1825, was a descendant of the clan. HGVS NCBI/ClinVar: NC_012920.1:m.8993T>G, reference version is required. DH-2.1 Donor 2 (root ... Mitoch ondrial haplogroup is ... for the first time, in L. couesi (Scarlet King Crab). mtDNA Haplogroup: J1c3e2 Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a2a1a2c2 Genetic Distance: 25.763 Sample Match! HAPLOFIND: a new method for high-throughput mtDNA haplogroup assignment. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. This encyclopedia covers the entirety of the Celtic world, both through time and across geography. Although emphasizing the areas where Celtic languages and traditions survive into the present, the work does. Here we report nine ancient genomes (B1 ô°€ ) of 30, E386–E394 (2009). This edition adds a complete list of Jewish Nobel Prize winners. Includes some 800 photographs and line drawings. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR There were further waves of trading networks from Iran/Arabia/Central Asia and Global Megalithic route covering Europe, West Asia and Japan/Oceania. DH-1.2 Donor 1 (mid-shaft) 3179 13,603 100 J1c3e2. 1987) belongs to I2-PH908 (downstream of L147.2 and S17250). The Oetzi might have been from the ancient maritime trade routes along Megalithic towns present all over the India. It has also been found in Albania, northern Greece, Bulgaria and Romania. - 6DRIF-21 [T807839]: mtDNA: J1c3e2, Y-DNA: R1b1a2a1a2c2, Total cM=2.49, Largest segment=2.49 cM (1 shared. Овим тестом тестираник сазнаје не само аутосомални састав, но уједно и хаплогрупу по мужској лози, те по женској лози. It is associated with the pre-Celto-Germanic people of north-Western Europe, such as the megaliths builders (5000-1200 BCE). Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (1761-1818) was a Baltic German field marshal and Minister of War of the Russian Empire during Napoleon's invasion in 1812 and the War of the Sixth Coalition. ... which determines mtDNA haplogroups based. I2a1 also appeared in the Printed-Cardium Pottery culture (5000-1500 BCE) in the western Mediterranean. Wikipedia I2a1b-L161.1 was probably scattered over most of Europe during the late Glacial and immediate postglacial periods, and in all likelihood integrated Neolithic society like all other Mesolithic lineages. The six examined native Britons all carried types of the paternal R1b1a2a1a, and carried the maternal haplogroups H6a1a, H1bs, J1c3e2, H2, H6a1b2 and J1b1a1. The L699 branch was found in the Yamna culture (S12195 subclade), the homeland of Proto-Indo-European speakers and of haplogroup R1b-L51. The following year was declared Regent and Head of State. Jewish Y DNA and mtDNA. What can explain this complete reversal? Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Last update June 2020 (famous people). Yes, long ago, especially at the time of 1492 and long after that, the Spanish Inquisition caused pogroms, killings, etc, of Jews and a few did convert. I2a1b-L161.1 was very possibly one of the main Neolithic lineages in the British Isles during the Megalithic period, and would therefore have been among the men who built Stonehenge, Knowth, Newgrange and other great Megalithic sites. It divided in two branches S18331 and Z2069 about 5,000 years ago. It is run by the United States National Institute of Health. The resulting amalgam would have become the ancestors of the Proto-Slavs. The other subclades are L41.2 (very rare) and L161.1 (found mostly in Germany and the British Isles). I2c could have originatedin Central Europe during the Mesolithic period. Prior to this, Admiral Horthy served as commander-in-chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the last year of the First World War. Wife of Vileor Gros Mother of; Philomene "Ondine", Charles Philip, Nita Philomena, Cora, Willie Paul, Edna & Lucille Gros. The unique Jewish Y DNA and mtDNA signature is most easily seen in haplogroup designations. It is a very old haplogroup, originating some 10,000 years ago and is split in two subclades Y10626 and L1195, which are each about 7,000 years old. i am really trying to take in all of your info and am fascinated. There are two major subclades of I2a2 : I2a2a and I2a2b, the former further subdivided in four subclades: I2a2a (formerly I2b1) amounts to over 90% of I2a2. I2a1a1a (L672) was already found in Mesolithic Sweden, which implies that I2a1a had a very wide distribution from Iberia to Scandinavia during the Mesolithic period. Vianello D. et al. Haplogroup I2a1 is by far the largest branch of I2 and the one most strongly linked to Neolithic cultures in south-east, south-west and north-west Europe. The Kinney & Variations Y-DNA Project showed that the I2a2a Kenny fall under the branch Y4450 > L1229 > Y4332. J1c J1c1 J1c10 J1c10a J1c15 J1c15a J1c15a1 J1c17 J1c1a J1c1b J1c1b1 J1c1b1a J1c1b1a1 J1c1b2 J1c1b2a J1c1e J1c1f J1c1g J1c1g1 J1c1h J1c3 J1c3a J1c3a1 J1c3a2 J1c3b J1c3b1 J1c3b1a J1c3b2 J1c3d J1c3e J1c3e1 J1c3e2 J1c3g J1c3h J1c3i J1c3k J1c4 J1c4b J1c5 J1c5a J1c5a1 J1c5b J1c5c J1c5d J1c5e J1c5f J1c6 J1c6a J1c8 J1c8b J1c9 16024-16138 16210-16365 73-340 One branch of A427 is found among Ashkenazi Jews with mostly German surnames, probably through the convertion of Germans to Judaism during the Middle Ages. Ske-å. It has been hypothetised that Napoleon III was the son of Count Charles de Flahaut, who was Hortense's lover and had an illegitimate son (the Duke of Morny) with her three years after Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's birth. Apart from a minor boost from (hypothetically) joining Yamna's westward expansion to Europe, the principal determining event that allowed I2a1b-L621 to become a major Eastern European lineage was probably the Slavic migrations from the 6th to the 9th century CE. It can be divided in four groups: A, AB, B and C. Groups A and C seem to have expanded respectively during the Celtic Bronze and Iron ages, alongside R1b-S116/P312. George Armstrong Custer (1839-1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars. The later era saw numerous towns showing evidence of maritime trade with Greeks and Romans. T1a2 is found both in northern Europe and southern Africa but is … her parents departed from liguria (genoa) and arrived in new orleans after departing havana cuba. 3. mtDNA Haplogroup: J1c3e2 Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a2a1a2c2 Genetic Distance: 89.330 Sample Match! The analysis of Early Neolithic genomes from Anatolia by Mathieson et al. It is found mostly in Germany and England and in their periphery (Ireland, Norway, France, Italy, Poland). R1b-U152 is associated with both the Central European Celts (Unetice, Urnfield, Hallstatt, La Tène) and the Italic people. the passenger list recorded sardinian in the column next to her father antonio defilippi … Essays on the early modern period that make a special contribution to the development of the 'new British history'. Geneticist Spencer Wells further clarified that his subclade is I2-M223 CTS616+ at the Genetic Genealogy Ireland 2014 Conference. The branch of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen also ruled as Kings of Romania from 1881 to 1947. The transition was rapid, with R1b tribes overwhelming the Neolithic population of the British Isles in only a few centuries and pushing them further west and north, where L161.1 survives today. (2018) tested the ancient Lombard-era DNA from 6th-century Italy and Hungary and identified one I2a2a-L801 and three I2a2a-ZS20 (downstream of L801 and S2364) samples in Szólád in western Hungary. Another possibility is that Napoleon III was fathered by Carel Hendrik Verhuell. American actor, producer, screenwriter, and comedian Vince Vaughn (b. The four samples from Russia belonged to Y-haplogroup J*, R1a1 (2x) and R1b1a. The Britons (*PritanÄ«), also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons, were the indigenous Celtic people who inhabited Great Britain from at least the British Iron Age into the Middle Ages, at which point they diverged into the Welsh, Cornish and Bretons (among others). The two I2a2a individuals belonged to the CTS10057 and L701 subclades. COA’s have similar symbology. After the Germanic tribes living in eastern Germany and Poland, like the Goths, the Vandals and the Burgundians, invaded the Roman Empire, the Slavs living further east filled the vacuum. By the 9th century, the Slavs occupied all modern Slavic-speaking territories, apart from the eastern Balkans under the control of the Turkic-speaking Bulgars. To make new cells, an existing cell divides in two. Cases vary: the most recent common ancestress (MRCA) can be the pioneer, her mother (when pioneers are sisters), her daughter, etc. Queen Victoria is also my mother’s ancestor. The American martial artist, actor, film producer and screenwriter Chuck Norris (b.
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